They are the skulls of men and women which have been self-consciously deformed using skull elongation techniques by the ancient pagans of Peru. The act of elongating the skull was achieved by binding the head of a child with cloth, rope, and boards. As the skull grew, it would elongate. There are many examples of unusual skulls from the tombs of Peru, including some which evidence trephination, or the process of surgically removing portions of the skull, presumably to gain access to the brain or to relieve pressure.

Some evolutionists contend that similar skulls found around the world are not the result of skull-binding techniques, but of a different species of human or pre-human. This theory is impossible because it contradicts the biblical account of human origins. UFO and ancient astronaut theorists have their own irrational and unbiblical theories that connect these skulls to extra-terrestrial visitations, a theme that was explored in the recent Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull release. The true answers to the reason why there are similar examples of skull elongation practices found around the world in diverse cultures may rest in the common origin of these nations with the Babylonian mystery religions of the ancient post-Flood world.